Type 17 programmed CD161^hiCD8α⁺ T cells contribute to mucosal immunity to bacteria and yeast. In early life, microbial colonization induces proliferation of CD161^hi cells that is dependent on their expression of a semi-invariant Vα7.2⁺ TCR. Although prevalent in adults, CD161^hiCD8α⁺ cells exhibit weak proliferative and cytokine responses to TCR ligation. The mechanisms responsible for the dichotomous response of neonatal and adult CD161^hi cells, and the signals that enable their effector function, have not been established. We describe acquired regulation of TCR signaling in adult memory CD161^hiCD8α⁺ T cells that is absent in cord CD161^hi cells and adult CD161^lo cells. Regulated TCR signaling in CD161^hi cells was due to profound alterations in TCR signaling pathway gene expression and could be overcome by costimulation through CD28 or innate cytokine receptors, which dictated the fate of their progeny. Costimulation with IL-1β during TCR ligation markedly increased proinflammatory IL-17 production, while IL-12–induced Tc1-like function and restored the response to TCR ligation without costimulation. CD161^hi cells from umbilical cord blood and granulocyte colony stimulating factor-mobilized leukaphereses differed in frequency and function, suggesting future evaluation of the contribution of CD161^hi cells in hematopoietic stem cell grafts to transplant outcomes is warranted.