Fluorescence microscopy has become an essential tool in cell biology. This technique
allows researchers to visualize the dynamics of tissue, cells, individual organelles, and
macromolecular assemblies inside the cell. Unfortunately, fluorescence microscopy is not
completely “noninvasive” as the high-intensity excitation light required for excitation of
fluorophores is inherently toxic for live cells. Physiological changes induced by excessive
illumination can lead to artifacts and abnormal responses. In this chapter, we review major …