RETRACTED: Macrophage phenotypic plasticity in atherosclerosis: the associated features and the peculiarities of the expression of inflammatory genes

DA Chistiakov, YV Bobryshev, NG Nikiforov… - International journal of …, 2015 - Elsevier
DA Chistiakov, YV Bobryshev, NG Nikiforov, NV Elizova, IA Sobenin, AN Orekhov
International journal of cardiology, 2015Elsevier
os si G w 11 ydn ia cad w 1 sia re of inflammation res-icated atherosclerotic dentiï¬ ed in
the lesion gmacrophages exten-International Journal of Cardiology 184 (2015) 436–445
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Ephages have been detailed in a large number of reviews [12–16]. De-spite the fact that
the principal pathways of interaction of modiï¬ ed sively contribute to the formation of the
necrotic core and aggravation of the proatherosclerotic inflammatory response [16, 20] …
os si G w 11 ydn ia cad w 1 sia re of inflammation res-icated atherosclerotic dentiï¬ ed in the lesion gmacrophages exten-International Journal of Cardiology 184 (2015) 436–445 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journ j ourna l homepage: www. el Ephages have been detailed in a large number of reviews [12–16]. De-spite the fact that the principal pathways of interaction of modiï¬ ed sively contribute to the formation of the necrotic core and aggravation of the proatherosclerotic inflammatory response [16, 20]. Even thoughLDL are generally well understood [11–16], morphological data suggest there are reports suggesting that macrophages can transdifferentiatemacrophages in in vitro experiments demonstrated that modiï¬ ed low density lipoproteins (LDL) are captured bymacrophages followed by as-sociation of vacuoles containing LDL with lysosomes (Fig. 2A)[10, 11]. The molecular mechanisms of interaction of modiï¬ ed LDL with macro-leave the initial plaque and contribute to the failu olution and further establishment of a compl plaque [15]. Macrophages could be commonly i shoulder and calciï¬ ed plaque regions [5, 11]. DyinR1. Introduction It is widely accepted that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease [1–3]. Macrophages play a pivotal role in the initial stages and further progression of atherogenesis [1, 4, 5]. In early athero-sclerotic stages, blood-derived monocytes migrate from the lumen to the subendothelial space of the arterial wall where they accumulate and differentiate to macrophages (Fig. 1)[6–8]. Experiments utilizing that differently modiï¬ ed LDL might have yet-unknown speciï¬ c fates in the cytoplasm of macrophages (Fig. 2B). The functional insufï¬ ciency of lysosomes is thought to lead to excessive accumulation of lipids (†œlipid droplets†) in the cytoplasm of macrophages (Fig. 3A, B)[10, 18, 19]. Eventually, macrophages engulï¬ ng modiï¬ ed LDL become overloaded with lipids, and this transforms them into foam cells (Fig. 3C), an event representing the most striking morphological feature of the for-mation of atherosclerotic lesions [1, 4, 11]. Foam cells are not able to ET Râ Ž Corresponding author at: Faculty ofMedicine, Univers NSW 2052, Australia. E-mail address:[email protected](YV Bobry http://dx. doi. org/10.1016/j. ijcard. 2015.03. 055 0167-5273/© 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reservedsclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. Article history: Received 10 October 2014 Received in revised form 7 January 2015 Accepted 3 March 2015 Available online 5 March 2015 Keywords: Macrophages Heterogeneity Plasticity Atherosclerosis Atherogenesis Inflammationa bstract Macrophages are essential players in induction and progression of atherosclerotic inflammation. The complexity of macrophage phenotypes was observed in human plaques and atherosclerotic lesions inmousemodels of ath-erosclerosis. Plaque macrophages were shown to exhibit a phenotypic range that is intermediate between two extremes, M1 (pro-inflammatory) andM2 (anti-inflammatory). Indeed, in atherosclerosis, macrophages demon-strate phenotypic plasticity to rapidly adjust to changing microenvironmental conditions. In the plaque, serum lipids, serum lipoproteins and various pro-or anti-inflammatory stimuli such as cytokines, chemokines and small bioactivemolecules could greatly influence themacrophage phenotype inducing switch towardsmorepro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory properties. Dynamic plasticity of macrophages is achieved by up-regulation and down-regulation of an overlapping set of …
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