De novo induction of organized lymphoid aggregates at nonlymphoid sites has been
observed in many chronic inflammatory conditions where foreign antigens such as infectious
agents, autoantigens or alloantigens, persist. The prevailing opinion in the field of
transplantation is that lymphoid neogenesis within allografts is detrimental to the
establishment of immune tolerance. These structures, commonly referred to as tertiary
lymphoid organs (TLOs), are thought to contribute to graft rejection by generating and …