During the past decade, evolutionarily conserved microRNAs (miRNAs) have been characterized as regulators of almost every cellular process and signalling pathway. There is now emerging evidence that this new class of regulators also impinges on the DNA damage response (DDR). Both miRNAs and other small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are induced at DNA breaks and mediate the repair process. These intriguing observations raise the possibility that crosstalk between ncRNAs and the DDR might provide a means of efficient and accurate DNA repair and facilitate the maintenance of genomic stability.