Reuptake of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft and their storage in synaptic vesicles are mediated by two classes of transport proteins. In both cases the mechanism is chemiosmotic. Reuptake is catalysed by Na+-neurotransmitter co-transporters. They are localized in the plasma membranes of nerve terminals and/or glia. This secondary active transport is powered by the electrochemical sodium gradient, which in turn is generated by the Na+, K+ ATPase. Storage is carried out by transporters using energy stored in the electrochemical proton gradient, generated by the H+-ATPase located in the storage organelle membrane. After an overview on the role of neurotransmitter transport in synaptic transmission, I will describe the most recent developments in the mechanistics and structure of the transporters.