Inflammation is an essential immune response that enables survival during infection or
injury and maintains tissue homeostasis under a variety of noxious conditions. Inflammation
comes at the cost of a transient decline in tissue function, which can in turn contribute to the
pathogenesis of diseases of altered homeostasis.

Anemia of inflammation (AI), also known as anemia of chronic disease (ACD), is regarded
as the most frequent anemia in hospitalized and chronically ill patients. It is prevalent in
patients with diseases that cause prolonged immune activation, including infection,
autoimmune diseases, and cancer. More recently, the list has grown to include chronic
kidney disease, congestive heart failure, chronic pulmonary diseases, and obesity.
Inflammation-inducible cytokines and the master regulator of iron homeostasis, hepcidin …